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Aquatic Macroinvertebrates

Caddisfly Larvae - Hydropsyche Courtesy USGS
Caddisfly Larvae – Hydropsyche
Courtesy USGS
Today’s Wild About Utah is in both Spanish and English. The Spanish version is read by Carlos Ramos and can be found online or you can listen to the Spanish version this Wednesday evening between 9:01-9:06pm.

I love people who love bugs. I love how quickly these fine folks can turn a creature you have to squint to notice into things to fear, love, or be in awe of. You can imagine then, that I jumped at the chance to host an outreach event at Stokes Nature Center with Dr. Katy Stemmler. As an Aquatic Ecologist and Postdoctoral Researcher at USU, Katy loves all types of bugs that live in the water and on a late July Saturday, she brings me and some thirty-odd attendees into the amazing world of aquatic macroinvertebrates.

Aquatic macroinvertebrates are what scientists like Katy call all sorts of bugs that live in the water and don’t have a backbone like us humans. This group includes aquatic worms, leeches, beetles and some of Dr. Stemmler’s favorites-the mayflies and caddisflies.

As these bugs live on the river floor bottom-or the benthic zone, collecting them requires kicking up rocks and sediment while holding a net downstream to catch any critters that get kicked free but letting any fine sediment through. Once you transport what gets netted to a shallow bin of water you can now watch these beauties up close. At first, our water samples from the Logan River don’t reveal much, maybe some algae and some worms. However, Katy points to what appears to be just a tiny tube, about 1/2in in length but barely an ⅛ of an inch wide. Soon two legs and a head poke out of this tiny stick. Dr. Stemmler tells us this is a caddisfly larva and she points to her earring where there is a similarly-small brown tube hanging in the middle of a gold hoop.

Katy excitedly tells us that in their aquatic-living and larval form, some caddisflies spin silk to build protective cases around their body like this one we’re looking at. The silk is used to connect rocks, plant material, and even sand to their body to keep them safe from predators. Sometimes caddisfly larvae don’t spin cases but instead use their silk to form an underwater net to catch food that’s flowing in the river.

Katy tells us that eventually, this caddisfly we see on this day will transform and leave its protective case to become an adult, where it will take on a whole second life. As an adult it will look almost moth-like and will fly above the water, leaving its benthic life behind.

Just after Katy finishes describing the caddisfly, one of the other participants huddled around the water bin asks why there’s a winged insect acting like its trying to wiggle out of a too-tight pair of pants “Oh Great!” Katy exclaims and explains we’re watching a mayfly emerge as an adult. She points to her shirt where the same species of mayfly is artfully drawn and explains that this mayfly is entering its first and possibly last day of adulthood as this group only lives as an adult for a few hours to a few days.

I love learning about bugs, but I especially love learning about bugs from people who love bugs. At the end of the talk, it’s clear Dr. Stemmler could talk for many more hours about her beloved benthic macroinvertebrates, but it’s also late July and the sun is strong. Even in the chilly water of the Logan River we’re sweating and I find myself wishing I could be swimming along the river bottom hopefully avoiding any caddisfly feeding nets.

My name is Kate Hunter, Director of Education at Stokes Nature Center, and I’m Wild About Utah.

Credits:
English Version: Kate Hunter, Education, Stokes Nature Center https://logannature.org/staff/
Spanish Version: Carlos Ramos, Facilities, Stokes Nature Center https://logannature.org/staff/
Images: Courtesy USGS, https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/caddisfly-hydropsyche-sp
Featured Audio: Courtesy & © Kevin Colver https://wildstore.wildsanctuary.com/, Courtesy & © Friend Weller, https://www.upr.org/people/friend-weller
Text: Kate Hunter & Carlos Ramos, https://logannature.org/staff
Additional Reading: Lyle Bingham, https://bridgerlandaudubon.org/

Additional Reading

Wild About Utah Pieces by Kate Hunter https://wildaboututah.org/author/kate-hunter/
Wild About Utah Pieces by Carlos Ramos https://wildaboututah.org/author/carlos-ramos/

Friday 5: Caddisfly Case Diversity, Chris Goforth a.k.a. The Dragonfly Woman, February 24, 2012, https://thedragonflywoman.com/2012/02/24/caddisfly-case-diversity/

Hamrsky, Jan, Net-spinning caddisfly larva (Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae), Flickr Account – Jan Hamrsky, https://www.flickr.com/photos/janhamrsky/5979065987/in/album-72157631612158714

Larese-Casanova, Mark, Aquatic Insects, Harbingers of Health, Wild About Utah, https://wildaboututah.org/aquatic-insects-harbingers-of-health/

Larese-Casanova, Mark, Watershed Wildlife Field Book, Utah Master Naturalist Program, Utah State University Cooperative Extension, rev 2014, https://extension.usu.edu/utahmasternaturalist/files/course-materials/watershed-wildlife-pages.pdf

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Macro-invertebrados Acuaticos

Caddisfly Larvae - Hydropsyche Courtesy USGS
Caddisfly Larvae – Hydropsyche
Courtesy USGS
La historia de hoy está en inglés y en español. Para escuchar la traducción al español nos puedes sintonizar los miércoles a las 9 pm o en línea en UPR.org

Este artículo fue escrito por Kate Hunter, directora de Educación en Stokes Nature Center, y apasionada por esos pequeños seres vivos de la naturaleza.

Me encantan las personas que aman los insectos. Me encanta lo rápido que estas personas pueden convertir una criatura que casi hay que entrecerrar los ojos para notar en algo que temer, amar o admirar. Por eso, puedes imaginar que aproveché la oportunidad de organizar un evento de divulgación en Stokes Nature Center con la Dra. Katy Stemmler. Como ecóloga acuática e investigadora posdoctoral en USU, Katy ama todo tipo de insectos que viven en el agua, y en un sábado de finales de julio nos introduce a mí y a unos treinta asistentes en el asombroso mundo de los macroinvertebrados acuáticos.

Los macroinvertebrados acuáticos es el nombre que científicos como Katy dan a todo tipo de pequeños animales que viven en el agua y no tienen columna vertebral como nosotros los humanos. Este grupo incluye gusanos acuáticos, sanguijuelas, escarabajos y algunos de los favoritos de la Dra. Stemmler: las efímeras y los tricópteros.

Como estos insectos viven en el fondo del río, o zona bentónica, recolectarlos requiere remover rocas y sedimentos mientras se sostiene una red corriente abajo para atrapar cualquier criatura que se desprenda, pero dejando pasar el sedimento fino. Una vez que se lleva lo atrapado en la red a una bandeja poco profunda con agua, se pueden observar estas maravillas de cerca. Al principio, nuestras muestras de agua del río Logan no revelan mucho, quizá algunas algas y algunos gusanos. Sin embargo, Katy señala lo que parece ser apenas un tubito, de aproximadamente media pulgada de largo y apenas un octavo de pulgada de ancho. Pronto, dos patas y una cabeza asoman de este diminuto palito. La Dra. Stemmler nos dice que se trata de una larva de tricóptero y señala su arete, donde cuelga un tubito marrón de tamaño similar en medio de un aro dorado.

Katy nos cuenta con entusiasmo que, en su forma larval y acuática, algunos tricópteros producen seda para construir estuches protectores alrededor de su cuerpo, como el que estamos observando. Usan la seda para unir rocas, material vegetal e incluso arena a su cuerpo y así protegerse de los depredadores. A veces, las larvas de tricóptero no hacen estuches, sino que usan su seda para formar una red submarina con la que atrapan el alimento que fluye por el río.

Katy nos dice que, con el tiempo, este tricóptero que vemos hoy se transformará y dejará su estuche protector para convertirse en adulto, etapa en la que asumirá una segunda vida completamente distinta.

Como adulto, tendrá un aspecto casi parecido al de una polilla y volará sobre el agua, dejando atrás su vida bentónica.

Justo después de que Katy termina de describir al tricóptero, uno de los otros participantes reunidos alrededor de la bandeja de agua pregunta por qué hay un insecto alado que parece estar tratando de zafarse de unos pantalones demasiado ajustados. “¡Qué bien!”, exclama Katy, y explica que estamos viendo a una efímera emerger como adulta. Señala su camisa, donde la misma especie de efímera está
dibujada artísticamente, y explica que esta efímera está entrando en su primer y posiblemente último día de adultez, ya que este grupo solo vive como adulto desde unas pocas horas hasta unos pocos días.

Me encanta aprender sobre insectos, pero me encanta especialmente aprender sobre insectos de personas que aman los insectos. Al final de la charla, queda claro que la Dra. Stemmler podría hablar muchas horas más sobre sus queridos macroinvertebrados bentónicos, pero también es finales de julio y el sol está fuerte. Incluso en el agua fría del río Logan estamos sudando, y me sorprendo deseando poder estar nadando por el fondo del río, con suerte evitando cualquier red de alimentación de tricópteros.

Soy Carlos Ramos y estoy loco por Utah.

Créditos:
Versión en inglés: Kate Hunter, Education, Stokes Nature Center https://logannature.org/staff/
Versión en español: Carlos Ramos, Facilities, Stokes Nature Center https://logannature.org/staff/
Imágenes: cortesía del USU Extension y Lyle W. Bingham, fotographia
Audio destacado: Cortesía y derechos de autor Kevin Colver, https://wildstore.wildsanctuary.com/, y Cortesía y derechos de autor Friend Weller, https://www.upr.org/people/friend-weller

Texto: Kate Hunter & Carlos Ramos, https://logannature.org/staff
Lectura adicional: Lyle Bingham, https://bridgerlandaudubon.org/

Lectura adicional:

Artículos “Wild About Utah” por Kate Hunter https://wildaboututah.org/author/kate-hunter/
Artículos “Wild About Utah” por Carlos Ramos https://wildaboututah.org/author/carlos-ramos/

Friday 5: Caddisfly Case Diversity, Chris Goforth a.k.a. The Dragonfly Woman, February 24, 2012, https://thedragonflywoman.com/2012/02/24/caddisfly-case-diversity/

Hamrsky, Jan, Net-spinning caddisfly larva (Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae), Flickr Account – Jan Hamrsky, https://www.flickr.com/photos/janhamrsky/5979065987/in/album-72157631612158714

Larese-Casanova, Mark, Aquatic Insects, Harbingers of Health, Wild About Utah, https://wildaboututah.org/aquatic-insects-harbingers-of-health/

Larese-Casanova, Mark, Watershed Wildlife Field Book, Utah Master Naturalist Program, Utah State University Cooperative Extension, rev 2014, https://extension.usu.edu/utahmasternaturalist/files/course-materials/watershed-wildlife-pages.pdf

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Falconry Terms

Falcon on Forearm Courtesy and Copyright Mary Heers, Photographer
Falcon on Forearm
Courtesy and Copyright Mary Heers, Photographer
In 1962, Rachael Carson rocked the bird watching world with her book Silent Spring. She identified the commonly used pesticide DDT as the culprit responsible for declining populations of eagles, falcons and hawks. Rachael was able to prove that once DDT got into the food chain, it fatally weakened the eggshells of these birds. DDT was banned the following year.

Would the raptor populations be able to respond? The answer to this question was spearheaded by Hawk Watch International. They recruited volunteers to camp out near Mendon Peak which overlooks a major flyway for migrating birds in the fall.

Armed with pencils and paper, these volunteers checked off each raptor that flew by. It was a tough camp, because once the snow melts, any water on top had to be carried up there. Sometimes my family and others would hike up and give them oranges. Every year the news got better. The raptor populations were rebounding. In 1999 they were officially taken off the endangered species list.

At this time, for most people in Utah, getting a close look at a raptor required a trip to the Hogle Zoo to see the bird show. COVID shut down these shows. But luckily, a young volunteer at the zoo, Nick Morris, stepped up, got the licensing needed to own raptors, and created a traveling show called Long Wing Inc.

When I was able to meet Nick on his home turf, he told me that in Shakespeare’s time, most every man owned some kind of raptor. The kings owned eagles. The nobility owned falcons. It was no accident that talk of falcons worked its way into the spoken language.

For example, falconers kept ankle bands on the bird’s legs attached to short study strings. Before flying their birds, falconers held these strings in a tight fist with their thumbs pressing down hard. This is why we say we keep things “under our thumb.”

Falcons were always easier to handle while being transported with a hood slipped over their heads. This led to our saying today that when someone does not see something clearly, he is “hood winked.”

Morning chores were underway when I showed up at Nick’s house. He carried each bird out into his driveway and put a piece of quail on a sawhorse. The bird was happy to hop over and eat it. Nick then put a piece of quail down the driveway on top of his fence. This was a chance for the bird to spread his wings and fly to the treat. Everything was going to plan until one bird took off and settled on the roof of the house. There were a few tense minutes. Nick admitted to me he had once had to chase a runaway bird all the way to Evanston.
Shakespeare captures a moment like this when Juliet is on her balcony and Romeo has walked away.

Juliet says, “Oh for a falconer’s voice to lure this tassel-gentle back again.” Once we know that a “tassel” is Shakespeare’s word for a male falcon, we can see that Juliet is seeing Romeo as a noble and beautiful creature. Juliet sees herself as the falconer, hoping that Romeo will return and possibly be tamed by her.
Just as Romeo ran back to Juliet, Nick’s bird came down from the roof.

Nick explained how falcons were not pets in the traditional sense. Falconry is an ancient sport going back thousands of years. In Shakespeare’s time, it was a way of putting food on the dinner table.

This is Mary Heers and I’m Wild About Utah

Credits:
Photos: Courtesy and Copyright Mary Heers,
Featured Audio: Courtesy & © Mary Heers and Anderson, Howe and Wakeman.
Text: Mary Heers, https://cca.usu.edu/files/awards/art-and-mary-heers-citation.pdf
Additional Reading: Lyle Bingham, https://bridgerlandaudubon.org/

Additional Reading

Wild About Utah, Mary Heers’ Wild About Utah Postings

The Story of Silent Spring, Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), August 13, 2015, https://www.nrdc.org/stories/story-silent-spring

The Wellsvilles Hawkwatch Site, Bridgerland Audubon Society, https://bridgerlandaudubon.org/our-projects/the-wellsvilles-hawkwatch-site/

Utah’s Hogle Zoo, https://www.hoglezoo.org/

Tracy Aviary at Liberty Park, https://tracyaviary.org/liberty-park/visit/programs/daily-programs-activities/

Falconry, Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, Utah Department of Natural Resources, https://wildlife.utah.gov/hunting/main-hunting-page/falconry.html

Falconry terms in the English Language:

  • Bate: In falconry, “bate” refers to a hawk’s attempt to fly off its perch while still tethered. This has become “bated breath” in common English, meaning to be in a state of nervous anticipation or anxiety, according to Wingspan Bird of Prey Centre.
  • Fed up: A falcon that is well-fed has no incentive to hunt, leading to the term “fed up” meaning to be bored or uninterested.
  • Haggard: A “haggard” hawk is one caught from the wild as an adult, often difficult to train. In common usage, “haggard” describes someone looking exhausted or unwell.
  • Under his thumb: In falconry, this refers to the way a falconer holds the jesses (straps) of a hawk to control it. In general usage, it means being completely under someone’s control.
  • Hoodwinked: Originally, a “hood” was used to calm a hawk by covering its head. “Hoodwinked” means to be deceived or tricked, often subtly.
  • Rouse: A “rouse” in falconry is when a hawk shakes its feathers. This has evolved into the general meaning of shaking or awakening.
  • Pounce: A falcon’s “pounce” is its claws, used to seize prey. The word has entered common usage to describe a sudden, forceful movement.
  • Gorge: In falconry, a hawk “gorges” itself when it eats to capacity. This has become the general term for eating to excess.

    • Sources for Falconry terms in the English Language:
    Evans, Andrew, How falconry changed language, BBC. February 24, 2022, https://www.bbc.com/travel/article/20170111-how-irish-falconry-changed-language
    The Language of Falconry, Wingspan Birds of Prey Trust, https://www.wingspan.co.nz/falconry_language.html
    Amy, Falconry terms in common language, Powered by Birds, February 26, 2010, https://www.poweredbybirds.com/falconry-terms-in-common-language/
    Assembled by Google AI https://ai.google.com

    Utah Falconers Association, https://www.utahfalconers.com/

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    Elkweed/Green Gentian

    Green gentian, Frasera speciosa, Courtesy US Forest Service, Teresa Prendusi, Photographer
    Green gentian, Frasera speciosa, Courtesy US Forest Service, Teresa Prendusi, Photographer
    In keeping with our nation’s 250-year celebration, Red, White, and Blue have decorated Utah’s higher elevations, from Tony Grove in the north to Cedar Breaks in the south. Sprinkled in between are mountain meadows carpeted with wildflowers, Indian paintbrush, penstemons, columbine, patriots of the loveliest hues. Additionally, nature’s erosional forces have created monuments found in our national and state parks on Utah’s Colorado Plateau, rivaling human-created monuments with their overpowering majesty.

    Green gentian, Frasera speciosa, Mt Nebo Scenic Byway (Nebo Loop), Courtesy US Forest Service, Teresa Prendusi, Photographer
    Green gentian, Frasera speciosa,
    Mt Nebo Scenic Byway (Nebo Loop)
    Courtesy US Forest Service, Teresa Prendusi, Photographer

    Green Gentian, Frasera speciosa Stalk, Courtesy USDA Forest Service, S Olson, Photographer Green Gentian, Frasera speciosa Stalk, Courtesy USDA Forest Service, S Olson, Photographer

    There is another monument found in the plant kingdom that towers above all others on our mountains and plateaus., frasera speciosa or green gentian. Upon first seeing this lofty flower, my senses were startled by its monumental size. On closer inspection, there were multitudes of exquisite blossoms adorning its tall stalk, with cream colors flowing into delicate green tips, with purple dots sprinkled throughout. The sepals, pistils, and stamens are no less striking. I stood in awe of this monumental beauty.

    Over the years since my first introduction, I became intrigued with its remarkable life history, spending up to 80 years as an inconspicuous rosette of leaves, referred to as elkweed. Then, in its final year of life, it launches itself into a burst of glory, shooting up a tall stalk garnered with stunning flowers.

    Given the size of its flowering stalk, it’s not surprising that a green gentian produces a large number of seeds. An average stalk is composed of 600 flowers and is capable of producing 66,000 seeds. When the plant dies, its leaves fall to the ground and decomposes, fertilizing nearby seeds, doubling its germination and survival chances compared with seeds dispersed further from the plant.

    When a green gentian flowers, some of its offspring will flower in 20 years, while others will wait 60 or more years. Montane and subalpine environments are highly variable, with precipitation, temperature, damaging frost events, pollinator populations, thus germination and seedling survival vary unpredictably. It appears that for a plant that will flower only once, having offspring flower from 20 to 80 years is a way of hedging its bets in an unpredictable environment.

    Research has revealed much about this fascinating and conspicuous wildflower, but it also demonstrates a fundamental fact in ecology. Long-term studies are necessary to identify some phenomena, such as synchronous and monocarpic-that is, dying after flowering-by Jeff Minton, a researcher.

    Green gentian has been used by multiple Native American tribes for a wide range of medicinal purposes, with documented applications spanning from sedative and digestive treatments to veterinary remedies, the plant’s fleshy root was eaten by indigenous peoples as well, although considered too bitter by the untrained palate.

    Parts of the Colorado Rockies are experiencing a super bloom of green gentian this year, which is interesting considering it’s been a record hot and dry winter-spring season. Many mysteries yet remain for this monument of nature.

    This is Jack Green for Bridgerland Audubon Society, and I’m Wild About Nature’s Monuments.

    Credits:
    Images Courtesy USDA Forest Service, Teresa Prendusi and S Olson, Photographers
    Audio: Courtesy & © Kevin Colver, https://wildstore.wildsanctuary.com/collections/special-collections and Anderson, Howe and Wakeman
    Text: Jack Greene, Bridgerland Audubon, https://bridgerlandaudubon.org/
    Additional Reading: Lyle W Bingham, Webmaster, and Jack Greene, Author, Bridgerland Audubon, https://bridgerlandaudubon.org/

    Additional Reading:

    Jack Greene’s Postings on Wild About Utah, https://wildaboututah.org/author/jack/

    Gentian Family, Yellowstone’s Photo Collection, Yellowstone National Park, US National Park Service, https://www.nps.gov/features/yell/slidefile/plants/gentianfamily/Page.htm

    Utah Rare Plant Guide, Utah Rare Plants, Utah Native Plant Society, https://www.utahrareplants.org/rpg_species.html (search lower on the page for “Frasera” or “Green Gentian”.)

    Footer, Tracey, A Sight for the Ages: Frasera speciosa is on Display in the Northern Wasatch Canyons!, Utah Native Plant Society, https://www.unps.org/segolily/Sego2023Summer.pdf

    Green Gentian, Utah Species of Greatest Conservation Need (2025), Fieldguide, Utah Division of Wildlife Resources, https://wildlife.utah.gov/pdf/wap/2025-12-sgcn-list.pdf
    By County List: https://wildlife.utah.gov/pdf/wap/2025-12-sgcn-list-county.pdf

    Rascoe, Ayesha, A rare flower is in a superbloom in the Rocky Mountains, Weekend Edition Sunday, NPR,
    July 5, https://www.npr.org/2026/07/05/nx-s1-5877757/a-rare-flower-is-in-a-superbloom-in-the-rocky-mountains

    Frasera speciosa – Green Gentian/Elk Weed/Monument Plant, First Nature, Wales, UK, https://www.first-nature.com/flowers/frasera-speciosa.php